This disease is an inflammation of the gastric chamber, resulting in a reddening of the gastric mucosa. It is caused by abuse of alcohol and painkillers, but is also produced by infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori.

The condition of these symptoms are usually seen dissipated by eating food, especially milk.

But only with food intake, gastritis does not dissipate, and treatment is necessary. That is why in otramedicina offer a home remedy to prevent the suffering of these problems.

The ingredients are:

• 3 cups soy milk
• 5 sprigs parsley
• 5 sprigs Watercress

Liquefies all this, and for six months after taking this remedy every meal. Gradually the symptoms of burning and discomfort will be diluted, until it completely healed gastritis.

The Ebola virus, like all viruses “hot”, no cure and no specific treatment. The treatment used today is to maintain the life of the person by methods of resuscitation (CPR, artificial respiration) and control bleeding as far as possible.

As for a vaccine, investigations are underway but these are complicated because we still do not know all the proteins of the virus and because there are only 2 or three laboratories equipped to work with a virus such as these.

These laboratories are located in the U.S. and Russia, and the best known are the CDC (Centers for Disease Control) in Atlanta, Georgia, and USAMRIID (United Estates Infectius Army Medical Research of Diseases, Research Center for Infectious Diseases Army U.S. rough translation).

The Soviet Union (Russia) to manipulate this virus for military purposes, it is easy to reproduce in laboratories, highly efficient aerosol, highly contagious Ebola mortality can reach 90%, and most important is that there is no specific treatment.

Calif.. CDC and known outbreaks

This virus has been classified by the Centers for Disease Control and Level 4 Security-biohazardous. This means that for those in Level 4 (hotspot) to use maximum caution biological (use of biohazard suits, similar to those of astronauts, three pairs of gloves and the environment should be most effective filters for air and waste. Also after working at Level 4 should enter the decontamination shower (called gray zone) which is a 7 minute shower which is sprayed with the most potent chemicals and disinfectants. We are not working at Level 4 until one has years of experience.

The first place was identified was a co-epidemic in Zaire (now Democratic Republic of Congo) and Sudan. The strain of Zaire is the deadliest in nearly 90%. The Sudan had a 60%, about 30% less, but quickly expanded. These were the most significant outbreaks. There have been outbreaks in England, Sweden, Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast), and the U.S.. All had fewer than 10 cases and almost no deaths occurred. The most significant outbreaks: RDC (the place of first outbreak), Sudan (also where the first outbreak occurred), Congo, Gabon and Uganda.

They discover how Ebola virus infects cells

(NC & T) The Ebola virus reproduction in laboratory-grown cells is severely hampered by certain chemicals that inhibit enzymes, according to a team of experts whose research has been supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part National Institutes of Health (NIH).

The researchers identified two cellular enzymes Ebola virus needs to reproduce. When those enzymes are blocked, the virus loses most of its infectivity.

Ebola virus, like the Marburg virus now alarming Angola, is a filovirus, a family of viruses that cause severe hemorrhagic fevers, and often fatal. Finding medical countermeasures for viral hemorrhagic fevers is a priority for global public health, not only because these diseases occur naturally, but also because, according to Elias A. alert Zerhouni, NIH director, could be used for bioterrorism.

This research sheds light on the mechanisms of Ebola virus uses to enter cells. Anthony S. Fauci, NIAID director, is convinced that the findings raise the possibility of a broad-spectrum antiviral therapy that could be effective against multiple hemorrhagic fever viruses.

The study’s lead author, James M. Cunningham, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School in Boston and his colleagues discovered two cellular enzymes Ebola virus uses to choose and cut up one of the viral surface proteins. Once this protein is snipped apart, the virus is free to begin multiplying. The scientists applied broad-spectrum enzyme inhibitors to mammalian cells before exposing them to Ebola virus. When one specific cellular enzyme, cathepsin B, was inhibited, the infectivity of Ebola virus dropped to near zero. Another enzyme, cathepsin L, also demonstrated an important role in the infection process.

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The Ebola virus is responsible for an acute febrile illness, severe and often very deadly affects humans and primates. It produces a hemorrhagic fever similar characteristics to Argentina hemorrhagic fever (Junin virus). Is called hemorrhagic fever because it presents with high fever associated with generalized bleeding.

The recognition of the virus was first made during a simultaneous epidemic in Zaire and Sudan. Of the total 550 cases, killed 470. The epidemic spread through direct contact with the sick and the reuse of needles. In 1995 there was another outbreak in Zaire, where 250 cases were diagnosed of whom 80% died. Despite extensive research is still unknown what the natural reservoir of the virus, so it is unknown how the virus which infects humans and starts the epidemic.

Viruses are usually named with the name of the country or place where they were discovered. The responsibility of giving the name to a virus that lies in discovering it.

Ebola Virus Symptoms

The symptoms of Ebola are similar to those of other diseases such as malaria, common in Africa and other diseases.

After an incubation period of three to nine days, nonspecific symptoms like malaise, headache, conjunctivitis, muscle aches, nausea and vomiting. Typically, the fever is 39 to 40 ° C. After one to three days, watery diarrhea is observed mental disorders. The most reliable clinical sign is the appearance between the fifth and seventh day of a rash on the face and neck that expands into a centrifuge to members, while appearing skin hemorrhages, gastrointestinal, kidney and eye. Other manifestations include the inflation of the heart muscle, pancreas, spleen and liver.

The virus is very contagious from person to person, the person spread the virus through blood and other secretions (saliva, sweat, semen, vaginal secretions). There is no drug to cure the disease nor the vaccine that prevents there.

These symptoms as stated above, are mistaken for other diseases, thus performing a PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) said in English that if their numbers in Spanish (PCR) is mistaken for the Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation. This technique or study to identify the virus is a specific test, and indeed very expensive, making the polymerase reaction (which is located in the chromosomes or chromatin). Their reaction stands for polymerase chain.

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The main goal of biologists has been the molecular study of viruses and their interaction with the host cell. The study of bacteriophage replication in bacteria discovered the existence of messenger RNA, carrying the genetic code of DNA needed for protein synthesis. Studies with these viruses have also been instrumental in defining the biochemical factors that start and end the use of genetic information. Knowledge of the mechanisms of control of viral replication is critical to understanding the biochemical events in higher organisms.

The viruses are useful as model systems for studying the mechanisms that control genetic information, because in essence are small pieces of information. This allows scientists to study replication systems simpler and more manageable, but that function on the same principles as those of the host cell. Much of the research on the virus replicative pretends to know the mechanism to find and how to control growth and eliminate viral diseases. Studies on viral diseases have greatly contributed to understanding the body’s immune response against infectious agents. Studying this response have been thoroughly described serum antibodies and the secretions of mucous membranes, which help the body eliminate foreign elements such as viruses. Now, the scientific interest is focused on research designed to isolate certain viral genes. They could clone to produce large quantities of certain proteins, which would be used as vaccines.

9. Bacteriophage T4

This transmission electron micrograph shows a T4 bacteriophage, a virus that infects only bacteria (in some cases only Escherichia coli). Phages lack any reproductive mechanism and exploit the mechanisms of the bacterium to replicate. They do this by holding on to the cell walls with fibers, by way of legs, visible here. The tail is a sheath that contracts to inject the contents of the head, the genetic material (DNA) within the host. In 25 minutes, are capable of successfully using the reproductive mechanisms of bacteria and viral progeny fills the cell. Then, the packed bacteria burst, releasing about 100 new copies of the bacteriophage.

10. Viral Structure

Some bacteriophages (viruses that parasitize bacteria), left, have a rather complicated structure and sophisticated. The phage T4, pictured here, consists of five proteins and the following parts: head, tail, a collar or necklace, a basal plate and fibers for legs. In contrast, a flu virus, right, is simpler. A lipid envelope surrounding the protein shell, or capsid, which, like the bacteriophage genetic material coiled locks. Since this involved projecting two types of protein in the form of spikes, which determine the properties of the virus infectivity. The human hosts must produce new immune defenses whenever they mutate, hence annual vaccinations are done.

11. Viral replication

Outside a host cell, a virus is an inert particle. But once inside the cell, the virus reproduces so many times and thousands of individuals who leave the cell to find others that parasitize. Pathogenic viruses act by destroying or damaging cells when they leave those in which have been reproduced.

12. Virus

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, particles composed of genetic material (DNA or RNA, but not both) surrounded by a protective protein coat. Are inert outside the host, inside, they enter a dynamic phase in which replicate using the host cell enzymes, nucleic acids, its amino acids and its mechanisms of reproduction. They carry out what they can not perform alone. Viral replication leads often damage to the host: diseases such as herpes, rabies, influenza, some cancers, polio and yellow fever are viral in origin. Between 1000 to 1500 known viruses, there are about 250 to cause disease in humans (about 100 of which cause the common cold), and 100 infect different animals.

credit to: Martín Buczyner

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Viruses are spread from person to person, causing new cases of the disease. Many of them, as those responsible for influenza and measles, are transmitted by inhalation, through its dissemination in the infected droplets emitted by coughing and sneezing. Others, like those that cause diarrhea are spread by fecal-oral route. In other cases, the spread is through the bite of insects, such as yellow fever and arboviruses. Viral diseases may be endemic (specific to one area), affecting susceptible individuals, or epidemic, which appear in waves and attack much of the population. An example is the emergence of epidemic flu worldwide, almost always once a year.

6. Treatment

The treatments against viral infections are often not entirely satisfactory, since most of the drugs that kill viruses also affect cells in which they play. The alpha-adamantanamine is used in some countries to treat respiratory infections caused by influenza A and isatin-beta-thiosemicarbazone, effective against smallpox. Certain substances similar to precursors of nucleic acids may be useful against severe herpes infections.

One promising antiviral agent is interferon, which is a non-toxic protein produced by some animal cells infected with viruses and can protect other cells against such infections. Is currently studying the effectiveness of the drug to fight cancer. Until recently, these studies were limited by their limited availability, but new techniques of cloning the genetic material, produce large amounts of this protein. In a few years you may know whether interferon is really effective as an antiviral agent.

The only effective way to prevent viral infections is the use of vaccines. Vaccination against smallpox worldwide in the 1970s, eradicated the disease. It has developed many human virus vaccines and other animals. Among infections suffered by people include measles, rubella, polio and influenza. Immunization with an antiviral vaccine stimulates the body’s immune mechanism, which produces antibodies that protect you when you return to contact with the same virus. Vaccines contain viruses always altered so they can not cause disease.

7. Infections in plants

The virus originated wide variety of plant diseases and serious damage to crops. The most common are produced by the virus of turnip yellow mosaic, the potato virus X (potato) and snuff mosaic virus. Plants have rigid cell walls that viruses can not cross, so that the most important for propagation is provided by the animals that feed on them. Often, insects inoculated into healthy plants that carry the virus on its mouth parts, from other infected plants. Also nematodes, roundworms can transmit the infection when they feed on the roots.

Plant viruses can accumulate huge amounts within infected cells. For example, the snuff mosaic virus may represent up to 10% of the dry weight of the plant. Studies of the interaction between virus and host cells are limited because the infection is via an insect vector. Also, do not typically available in the laboratory of cell cultures susceptible to infection by plant viruses.

credit to: Martín Buczyner

The virus, lacking the enzymes and metabolic precursors necessary for its own replication, they must obtain them from the host cell they infect. Viral replication is a process that includes several separate synthesis and subsequent assembly of all components to give rise to new infectious particles. Replication is initiated when the virus enters the cell: cellular enzymes remove the cover and the DNA or RNA is contacted with the ribosome, directing the synthesis of proteins. The virus nucleic acid autoduplicates and, once synthesized protein subunits that form the capsid, the resulting components are assembled into new viruses. A single virus particle can cause a progeny of thousands. Some viruses are released by destroying the infected cell, and yet leave the cell without destroying it by a process of exocytosis that leverages own cell membranes. In some cases the infection is ’silent’, ie the viruses replicate inside the cell without evident harm.

RNA-containing viruses are unique replicative systems, since the RNA autoduplicates without the involvement of DNA. In some cases, viral RNA functions as messenger RNA, and replicates indirectly using the ribosomal system and the metabolic precursors of the host cell. In others, the virus carried in the cover-dependent RNA enzyme that directs the synthesis process. Other RNA viruses, retroviruses, may produce an enzyme that synthesizes DNA from RNA. Formed DNA then acts as the viral genetic material.

During an infection, bacteriophages and animal viruses differ in their interaction with host cell surface. For example, in the cycle of bacteriophage T7, which infects the bacterium Escherichia coli, there are no stages or descapsidación adsorption. The virus binds first to the cell and then injects its DNA into it. However, once the nucleic acid enters the cell, the basic events of viral replication are the same.

4. Viruses in Medicine

Viruses represent a major challenge to medical science in combating infectious diseases. Many viruses cause major human diseases and diversity.

Among viral diseases include the common cold, which affects millions of people each year. Other diseases have serious consequences. Among them is rabies, hemorrhagic fevers, encephalitis, polio and yellow fever. However, most disease-causing viruses that cause severe discomfort only, provided that the patient will not be serious complications. Some of these are influenza, measles, mumps, fever with fever (herpes simplex), chickenpox, shingles (also known as herpes zoster), respiratory diseases, acute diarrhea, warts and hepatitis. Other viral agents as the cause of rubella (German measles) and cytomegalovirus, may cause serious anomalies or abortions. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by a retrovirus. There are two known retrovirus associated with certain human cancers and is suspected of some forms of papillomavirus. There is evidence, increasingly, of viruses that might be involved in some types of cancer, chronic diseases such as multiple sclerosis and other degenerative diseases. Some viruses take a long time to cause symptoms, and produce so-called slow virus diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease and kuru, which gradually destroys the brain.

Even today you find viruses responsible for important human diseases. Most can be isolated and identified with current methods of laboratory, although the process normally takes several days. One of them is rotavirus gastroenteritis caused by the child.

credit to: Martín Buczyner

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(Latin for ‘poison’) organizational entities composed only of genetic material surrounded by a protective envelope. The term virus was used in the last decade of last century to describe the disease-causing agents smaller than bacteria. Lack of independent living but can replicate inside living cells, often damaging to his guest in this process. The hundreds of known viruses are the cause of many different diseases in humans, animals, bacteria and plants.

The existence of viruses was established in 1892, when Russian scientist Dmitry I. Ivanovsky, found microscopic particles, known later as the snuff mosaic virus. In 1898 the Dutchman botanist Martinus W. Beijerinck called these particles infectious virus. A few years later, viruses were found growing on bacteria, which are called bacteriophages. In 1935, the American biochemist Wendell Meredith Stanley crystallized the snuff mosaic virus, showing that consisted only of genetic material called ribonucleic acid (RNA) and an envelope protein. In the 1940s the development of electron microscopy enabled the visualization of the virus for the first time. Years later, the development of high-speed centrifuges able to concentrate and purify. The study of animal virus reached its peak in the 1950s with the development of cell culture methods, support of viral replication in the laboratory. Then they discovered many viruses, most of which were sampled in the 1960s and 1970s, in order to determine their physical and chemical characteristics.

2. Features

Viruses are submicroscopic intracellular parasites, consisting of RNA or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-never both-and a protective layer of protein or lipid components combined with protein or carbohydrate. In general, the nucleic acid molecule is a unique single or double helix, however, certain viruses have genetic material segmented into two or more parties. The outer covering is called a capsid protein and the subunits that compose it, capsomeres. It’s called nucleocapsid, the set of all elements. Some viruses have an additional envelope usually acquired when the nucleocapsid exits the host cell. The complete viral particle is called a virion. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, ie only replicate in cells with active metabolism, and outside them are reduced to inert macromolecules.

The size and shape of the viruses are highly variable. There are two basic structural groups: isometric, rod-shaped or elongated, and complex virus with head and tail (as some bacteriophages). The smallest viruses are icosahedral (20-sided polygons) that measure between 18 and 20 nanometers wide (1 nanometer = 1 millionth of 1 mm). The larger ones are elongated, some measuring several micrometers in length, but rarely measure more than 100 nanometers wide. Hence the virus longer have a width that is below the limits of resolution of light microscopy used to study bacteria and other microorganisms.

Many viruses with helical internal structure have outer shell (also called decks) composed of lipoproteins, glycoproteins, or both. These viruses are like spheres, but may have different shapes and size ranges from 60 to more than 300 nanometers in diameter. Complex viruses, such as some bacteriophages, have heads and a tubular tail that binds to the host bacterium. The brick-shaped poxvirus and a complex protein composition. However, these latter types of virus are exceptions and most have a simple way.

credit to: Martín Buczyner

• Wash hands after using the toilet and before eating.

• Avoid eating in the street and in places of dubious hygiene.

• Boiling water or drink bottled water.

• Maximize hygiene measures in handling the faeces, especially in young children, older adults and people who require care.

• worming twice a year. All family members should undergo deworming to prevent possible reinfection.

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Food can be contaminated with these wastes, when irrigated with sewage and lack of hygiene during preparation and intake process. As can generalize that the transmission mechanism for these diseases is that of the three passes, “the year goes hand in hand to mouth and mouth passes into the intestine.

Organisms that can live as parasites in our intestines are very varied. The most common are: worms may clog the intestines and invade the respiratory tract and bile giardia, which adhere to the bowel wall and mechanical irritation caused by diarrhea and malabsorption of food, amoeba, which by producing toxins destroy the tissues of the gut and migrate to other organs like the liver, hookworms, which adhere to the intestinal wall and feed on blood, and finally, the cysticerci that pierce the intestinal mucous layer, reaching the vessel blood and spread to the muscles, brain, eye, liver, among others.

Many of those infected by parasites have no complaints. Even in some cases the symptoms are so mild that near-misses, but this does not mean it is not parasites and can spread to others.

Exist to reach the symptoms that occur most frequently are:
• Diarrhea or constipation.
• Stomach pain (colic or cramps).
• Inflammation of the stomach.
• Headache.
• Gases.
• Nausea.
• Belching.
• Vomiting.
• Itching in the anus.
• Intolerance to certain foods.
• General weakness.
• Loss of appetite.
• In small, worms and parasites can cause slow growth and poor weight gain.
• Lack of attention at work, depression and fatigue.

Wash and disinfect fruits and vegetables, especially the latter, since they can harbor many parasites, especially not been in contact with sewage.