Archive for the ‘Virus and Bacteria’ Category

The Ebola Virus (part 2)

Friday, January 22nd, 2010

the ebola virusTreatment

The Ebola virus, like all viruses “hot”, no cure and no specific treatment. The treatment used today is to maintain the life of the person by methods of resuscitation (CPR, artificial respiration) and control bleeding as far as possible.

As for a vaccine, investigations are underway but these are complicated because we still do not know all the proteins of the virus and because there are only 2 or three laboratories equipped to work with a virus such as these.

These laboratories are located in the U.S. and Russia, and the best known are the CDC (Centers for Disease Control) in Atlanta, Georgia, and USAMRIID (United Estates Infectius Army Medical Research of Diseases, Research Center for Infectious Diseases Army U.S. rough translation). (more…)

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The Ebola Virus (part 1)

Thursday, January 21st, 2010

the ebola virusThe Ebola virus is the most deadly filoviruses known. The family of filoviruses (filamentous virus) includes the four classes of Marburg and Ebola viruses. These 4 types (or strains) are called Ebola Zaire, Ebola Sudan, Ebola Reston and Ebola Tai Forest (Ebola Ivory Coast). The worst is the Zaire Ebola kills nine in ten people infected. Sudan remains the strain with a mortality rate of 60%. It is unclear whether the latest strains cause human deaths (not killed any humans). This virus was discovered in Africa . It takes its name from the Ebola River in the current DRC (then Zaire).

The Ebola virus is responsible for an acute febrile illness, severe and often very deadly affects humans and primates. It produces a hemorrhagic fever similar characteristics to Argentina hemorrhagic fever (Junin virus). Is called hemorrhagic fever because it presents with high fever associated with generalized bleeding. (more…)

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Overview of Virus (part 4)

Thursday, January 14th, 2010

overview of virus8. Role in research

The main goal of biologists has been the molecular study of viruses and their interaction with the host cell. The study of bacteriophage replication in bacteria discovered the existence of messenger RNA, carrying the genetic code of DNA needed for protein synthesis. Studies with these viruses have also been instrumental in defining the biochemical factors that start and end the use of genetic information. Knowledge of the mechanisms of control of viral replication is critical to understanding the biochemical events in higher organisms.

The viruses are useful as model systems for studying the mechanisms that control genetic information, because in essence are small pieces of information. This allows scientists to study replication systems simpler and more manageable, but that function on the same principles as those of the host cell. Much of the research on the virus replicative pretends to know the mechanism to find and how to control growth and eliminate viral diseases. Studies on viral diseases have greatly contributed to understanding the body’s immune response against infectious agents. Studying this response have been thoroughly described serum antibodies and the secretions of mucous membranes, which help the body eliminate foreign elements such as viruses. Now, the scientific interest is focused on research designed to isolate certain viral genes. They could clone to produce large quantities of certain proteins, which would be used as vaccines. (more…)

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Overview of Virus (part 3)

Wednesday, January 13th, 2010

overview of virus5. Propagation

Viruses are spread from person to person, causing new cases of the disease. Many of them, as those responsible for influenza and measles, are transmitted by inhalation, through its dissemination in the infected droplets emitted by coughing and sneezing. Others, like those that cause diarrhea are spread by fecal-oral route. In other cases, the spread is through the bite of insects, such as yellow fever and arboviruses. Viral diseases may be endemic (specific to one area), affecting susceptible individuals, or epidemic, which appear in waves and attack much of the population. An example is the emergence of epidemic flu worldwide, almost always once a year.

6. Treatment

The treatments against viral infections are often not entirely satisfactory, since most of the drugs that kill viruses also affect cells in which they play. The alpha-adamantanamine is used in some countries to treat respiratory infections caused by influenza A and isatin-beta-thiosemicarbazone, effective against smallpox. Certain substances similar to precursors of nucleic acids may be useful against severe herpes infections. (more…)

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Overview of Virus (part 2)

Tuesday, January 12th, 2010

overview of virus
3. Replication

The virus, lacking the enzymes and metabolic precursors necessary for its own replication, they must obtain them from the host cell they infect. Viral replication is a process that includes several separate synthesis and subsequent assembly of all components to give rise to new infectious particles. Replication is initiated when the virus enters the cell: cellular enzymes remove the cover and the DNA or RNA is contacted with the ribosome, directing the synthesis of proteins. The virus nucleic acid autoduplicates and, once synthesized protein subunits that form the capsid, the resulting components are assembled into new viruses. A single virus particle can cause a progeny of thousands. Some viruses are released by destroying the infected cell, and yet leave the cell without destroying it by a process of exocytosis that leverages own cell membranes. In some cases the infection is ’silent’, ie the viruses replicate inside the cell without evident harm.

RNA-containing viruses are unique replicative systems, since the RNA autoduplicates without the involvement of DNA. In some cases, viral RNA functions as messenger RNA, and replicates indirectly using the ribosomal system and the metabolic precursors of the host cell. In others, the virus carried in the cover-dependent RNA enzyme that directs the synthesis process. Other RNA viruses, retroviruses, may produce an enzyme that synthesizes DNA from RNA. Formed DNA then acts as the viral genetic material. (more…)

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Overview of Virus (part 1)

Monday, January 11th, 2010

overview of virus
1. Introduction

(Latin for ‘poison’) organizational entities composed only of genetic material surrounded by a protective envelope. The term virus was used in the last decade of last century to describe the disease-causing agents smaller than bacteria. Lack of independent living but can replicate inside living cells, often damaging to his guest in this process. The hundreds of known viruses are the cause of many different diseases in humans, animals, bacteria and plants.

The existence of viruses was established in 1892, when Russian scientist Dmitry I. Ivanovsky, found microscopic particles, known later as the snuff mosaic virus. In 1898 the Dutchman botanist Martinus W. Beijerinck called these particles infectious virus. A few years later, viruses were found growing on bacteria, which are called bacteriophages. In 1935, the American biochemist Wendell Meredith Stanley crystallized the snuff mosaic virus, showing that consisted only of genetic material called ribonucleic acid (RNA) and an envelope protein. In the 1940s the development of electron microscopy enabled the visualization of the virus for the first time. Years later, the development of high-speed centrifuges able to concentrate and purify. The study of animal virus reached its peak in the 1950s with the development of cell culture methods, support of viral replication in the laboratory. Then they discovered many viruses, most of which were sampled in the 1960s and 1970s, in order to determine their physical and chemical characteristics. (more…)

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Preventive measures

Saturday, January 9th, 2010

handwash

• Wash hands after using the toilet and before eating.

• Avoid eating in the street and in places of dubious hygiene.

• Boiling water or drink bottled water.

• Maximize hygiene measures in handling the faeces, especially in young children, older adults and people who require care.

• worming twice a year. All family members should undergo deworming to prevent possible reinfection.

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How parasites are acquired and what are the most common?

Friday, January 8th, 2010

infected by parasiteOne of the most common forms of transmission is through ingestion of eggs or cysts that are found in the faeces excreted by infected individuals.

Food can be contaminated with these wastes, when irrigated with sewage and lack of hygiene during preparation and intake process. As can generalize that the transmission mechanism for these diseases is that of the three passes, “the year goes hand in hand to mouth and mouth passes into the intestine.

Organisms that can live as parasites in our intestines are very varied. The most common are: worms may clog the intestines and invade the respiratory tract and bile giardia, which adhere to the bowel wall and mechanical irritation caused by diarrhea and malabsorption of food, amoeba, which by producing toxins destroy the tissues of the gut and migrate to other organs like the liver, hookworms, which adhere to the intestinal wall and feed on blood, and finally, the cysticerci that pierce the intestinal mucous layer, reaching the vessel blood and spread to the muscles, brain, eye, liver, among others.

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Symptoms of parasitic

Thursday, January 7th, 2010

parasit

Many of those infected by parasites have no complaints. Even in some cases the symptoms are so mild that near-misses, but this does not mean it is not parasites and can spread to others.

Exist to reach the symptoms that occur most frequently are:
• Diarrhea or constipation.
• Stomach pain (colic or cramps).
• Inflammation of the stomach.
• Headache.
• Gases.
• Nausea.
• Belching.
• Vomiting.
• Itching in the anus.
• Intolerance to certain foods.
• General weakness.
• Loss of appetite.
• In small, worms and parasites can cause slow growth and poor weight gain.
• Lack of attention at work, depression and fatigue.

(more…)

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Probiotics

Monday, January 4th, 2010

probiotics

The wall lining of the gastrointestinal tract is constantly in contact with microorganisms or ingested food. About five hundred species of bacteria live in the adult gastrointestinal tract, mainly in the large intestine.

This community of microbes not only live in peaceful coexistence with humans, but also plays an important role in the welfare of the individual. There is a constant and complex interaction between these bacteria, cells in the intestine and immune system.

Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a beneficial effect on health of people.

The most frequently used probiotics are bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium that are part of normal healthy bowel. Other probiotics include yeasts.

(more…)

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